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    <title>ACL on Ops FreeEdge</title>
    <link>https://ops.freeedge.uk/tags/acl/</link>
    <description>Recent content in ACL on Ops FreeEdge</description>
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    <lastBuildDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 18:00:00 +0000</lastBuildDate>
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    <item>
      <title>Tailscale 多 Tailnet：管理多个组织与跨网络访问深度解析</title>
      <link>https://ops.freeedge.uk/posts/tailscale-multi-tailnet/</link>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 18:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://ops.freeedge.uk/posts/tailscale-multi-tailnet/</guid>
      <description>&lt;h2 id=&#34;引言&#34;&gt;引言&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tailscale 传统上在单一 &lt;em&gt;tailnet&lt;/em&gt;（连接设备的安全私有网络）内运行。然而随着组织规模扩大，对多个隔离网络的需求日益增长。&lt;strong&gt;多 Tailnet 支持&lt;/strong&gt;正是为此设计——允许单个 Tailscale 组织托管多个共享同一身份提供商（IdP）的 tailnet。这一功能解决了开发/预发布/生产环境隔离、客户服务隔离或沙箱测试等场景，且无需碎片化的身份管理。&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;本文深入解析多 tailnet 管理机制，并探讨跨 tailnet 访问的解决方案。&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;多-tailnet-管理&#34;&gt;多 Tailnet 管理&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;启用多-tailnet&#34;&gt;启用多 Tailnet&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;多 tailnet 功能目前为 &lt;strong&gt;Alpha 阶段&lt;/strong&gt;（截至 2026 年文档），需联系 Tailscale 销售团队启用：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;提供显示名称（最多 65 个字符，支持字母、数字、空格、撇号、连字符）。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;指定所有者（现有用户邮箱）。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;选择是否&amp;quot;列出&amp;quot;（在登录选择器中可见）或未列出。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;所有 tailnet 共享&lt;strong&gt;相同的域名和 IdP&lt;/strong&gt;（例如 Google Workspace、Okta）。未来更新可能支持混合 IdP。&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;用户体验&#34;&gt;用户体验&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;登录选择器&lt;/strong&gt;：用户登录时选择 tailnet。未加入的 tailnet 显示在底部（除非未列出）。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;管理控制台切换&lt;/strong&gt;：个人资料下拉菜单 → 选择 tailnet。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;设备认证&lt;/strong&gt;：OAuth 期间选择 tailnet 或使用各 tailnet 的认证密钥。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;策略与配置&#34;&gt;策略与配置&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;独立策略&lt;/strong&gt;：ACL、标签、设备、设置均独立管理。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;组同步&lt;/strong&gt;：在一个 tailnet 启用后，可跨所有 tailnet 引用组（只读）。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;用户审批&lt;/strong&gt;：可限制加入。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ACL 示例&lt;/strong&gt;（tailnet-policy 文件）：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;highlight&#34;&gt;&lt;pre tabindex=&#34;0&#34; style=&#34;color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;&#34;&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-json&#34; data-lang=&#34;json&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;display:flex;&#34;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color:#75715e&#34;&gt;// Tailnet 1: group1 访问预发布环境
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;display:flex;&#34;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color:#75715e&#34;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;{
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;display:flex;&#34;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  &lt;span style=&#34;color:#f92672&#34;&gt;&amp;#34;acls&amp;#34;&lt;/span&gt;: [
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;display:flex;&#34;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    {&lt;span style=&#34;color:#f92672&#34;&gt;&amp;#34;action&amp;#34;&lt;/span&gt;: &lt;span style=&#34;color:#e6db74&#34;&gt;&amp;#34;accept&amp;#34;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color:#f92672&#34;&gt;&amp;#34;src&amp;#34;&lt;/span&gt;: [&lt;span style=&#34;color:#e6db74&#34;&gt;&amp;#34;group1@example.com&amp;#34;&lt;/span&gt;], &lt;span style=&#34;color:#f92672&#34;&gt;&amp;#34;dst&amp;#34;&lt;/span&gt;: [&lt;span style=&#34;color:#e6db74&#34;&gt;&amp;#34;tag:staging:443&amp;#34;&lt;/span&gt;]}
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;display:flex;&#34;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  ],
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;display:flex;&#34;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  &lt;span style=&#34;color:#f92672&#34;&gt;&amp;#34;tests&amp;#34;&lt;/span&gt;: [
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;display:flex;&#34;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    {&lt;span style=&#34;color:#f92672&#34;&gt;&amp;#34;action&amp;#34;&lt;/span&gt;: &lt;span style=&#34;color:#e6db74&#34;&gt;&amp;#34;check&amp;#34;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color:#f92672&#34;&gt;&amp;#34;src&amp;#34;&lt;/span&gt;: [&lt;span style=&#34;color:#e6db74&#34;&gt;&amp;#34;group2@example.com&amp;#34;&lt;/span&gt;], &lt;span style=&#34;color:#f92672&#34;&gt;&amp;#34;dst&amp;#34;&lt;/span&gt;: [&lt;span style=&#34;color:#e6db74&#34;&gt;&amp;#34;tag:staging:443&amp;#34;&lt;/span&gt;], &lt;span style=&#34;color:#f92672&#34;&gt;&amp;#34;expect&amp;#34;&lt;/span&gt;: &lt;span style=&#34;color:#e6db74&#34;&gt;&amp;#34;deny&amp;#34;&lt;/span&gt;}
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;display:flex;&#34;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  ]
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;display:flex;&#34;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;可视化策略编辑器同样支持多 tailnet 配置。&lt;/p&gt;</description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tailscale ACL 策略管理深度解析</title>
      <link>https://ops.freeedge.uk/posts/tailscale-acl-policy-deep-dive/</link>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 15:25:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://ops.freeedge.uk/posts/tailscale-acl-policy-deep-dive/</guid>
      <description>&lt;h2 id=&#34;acl-机制与策略结构&#34;&gt;ACL 机制与策略结构&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tailscale ACL（Access Control Lists）在 tailnet policy file（huJSON）中定义，采用声明式 deny-by-default 模式。所有设备间连接均需显式授权。ACL 语法核心为 &lt;code&gt;src&lt;/code&gt;（来源）和 &lt;code&gt;dst&lt;/code&gt;（目标）规则，授权粒度精确到用户、组、标签和 CIDR。&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;基础语法结构&#34;&gt;基础语法结构&lt;/h3&gt;



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&lt;/g&gt;

    &lt;/svg&gt;
  
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;action&lt;/strong&gt;：&lt;code&gt;accept&lt;/code&gt;（允许）或 &lt;code&gt;drop&lt;/code&gt;（拒绝，隐式 deny）。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;src/dst&lt;/strong&gt;：支持 &lt;code&gt;user:&lt;/code&gt;、&lt;code&gt;group:&lt;/code&gt;、&lt;code&gt;tag:&lt;/code&gt;、&lt;code&gt;autogroup:&lt;/code&gt;、&lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt;。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;端口协议&lt;/strong&gt;：&lt;code&gt;dst&lt;/code&gt; 格式为 &lt;code&gt;[identity]:[port]/[proto]&lt;/code&gt;，如 &lt;code&gt;tag:prod:443/tcp&lt;/code&gt;。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;tags服务节点身份体系&#34;&gt;Tags：服务节点身份体系&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tags（标签）是非用户设备专用身份标识，解决传统 IP-based ACL 的动态性问题。&lt;/p&gt;</description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tailscale Funnel 与 Tailscale SSH：公网暴露安全实践</title>
      <link>https://ops.freeedge.uk/posts/tailscale-funnel-ssh-exposure/</link>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 15:20:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://ops.freeedge.uk/posts/tailscale-funnel-ssh-exposure/</guid>
      <description>&lt;h2 id=&#34;摘要&#34;&gt;摘要&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tailscale Funnel（公网 HTTPS 暴露）和 SSH（&lt;code&gt;ts ssh&lt;/code&gt; Tailscale 托管 SSH）是两种核心公网暴露机制。Funnel 通过 &lt;code&gt;--funnel&lt;/code&gt; CLI 实现公网反代，自动 Let&amp;rsquo;s Encrypt 证书；SSH 利用 Node Key 绕过传统公钥认证，依赖 ACL/Grants 细粒度控制。零信任原则：默认拒绝，ACL/Grants 显式授权。&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;1-tailscale-funnel公网-https-暴露核心&#34;&gt;1. Tailscale Funnel：公网 HTTPS 暴露核心&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Funnel (&lt;code&gt;tailscale funnel &amp;lt;target&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;) 将本地服务/文件暴露至公网 HTTPS，TLS 终止于 Tailscale Daemon。关键约束：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;端口限制&lt;/strong&gt;：仅 443/8443/10000。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Target 类型&lt;/strong&gt;：&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;table&gt;
  &lt;thead&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
          &lt;th&gt;类型&lt;/th&gt;
          &lt;th&gt;示例&lt;/th&gt;
          &lt;th&gt;行为&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/thead&gt;
  &lt;tbody&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;HTTP 反代&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;tailscale funnel localhost:3000&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;公网 → ts.net → 127.0.0.1:3000 (HTTP)&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;文件/目录&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;tailscale funnel /path/to/dir&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;目录列表 + 文件服务&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;静态文本&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;tailscale funnel &#39;text:Hello World&#39;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;纯文本响应&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;TLS 终止 TCP&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;--tls-terminated-tcp=443 localhost:8443&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;TCP 转发 + TLS 卸载&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CLI 示例&lt;/strong&gt;（持久化 &lt;code&gt;--bg&lt;/code&gt;）：



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&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DNS&lt;/strong&gt;：稳定 &lt;code&gt;node.ts.net&lt;/code&gt; 子域，自动 CNAME 管理。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PROXY Protocol&lt;/strong&gt;：&lt;code&gt;--proxy-protocol=2&lt;/code&gt; 保留客户端真实 IP（后端可见原 IP/端口）。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;2-tailscale-serve-vs-funnel内部-vs-公网对比&#34;&gt;2. Tailscale Serve vs Funnel：内部 vs 公网对比&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;table&gt;
  &lt;thead&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
          &lt;th&gt;维度&lt;/th&gt;
          &lt;th&gt;Serve (&lt;code&gt;tailscale serve&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/th&gt;
          &lt;th&gt;Funnel (&lt;code&gt;tailscale funnel&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/thead&gt;
  &lt;tbody&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;范围&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;Tailnet 内（MagicDNS/100.x IP）&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;公网（ts.net HTTPS）&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TLS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;可选 Let&amp;rsquo;s Encrypt&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;强制，Daemon 自动颁发/续期&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;端口&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;任意本地端口转发&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;限 443/8443/10000&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;用例&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;内网调试/协作&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;临时公网 Demo/Webhook 测试&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;风险&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;Tailnet ACL 隔离&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;公网暴露，强制 ACL + Lock&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;3-tailscale-ssh托管-ssh-机制&#34;&gt;3. Tailscale SSH：托管 SSH 机制&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;tailscale ssh [user@]host&lt;/code&gt; 利用 WireGuard Node Key 双层加密，绕过传统 &lt;code&gt;~/.ssh/authorized_keys&lt;/code&gt;：&lt;/p&gt;</description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tailscale Subnet Routers 与 Exit Nodes 实战部署与优化</title>
      <link>https://ops.freeedge.uk/posts/tailscale-subnet-exit-nodes/</link>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 15:20:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://ops.freeedge.uk/posts/tailscale-subnet-exit-nodes/</guid>
      <description>&lt;h2 id=&#34;引言&#34;&gt;引言&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tailscale 的 Subnet Routers 和 Exit Nodes 是构建零信任网络架构的核心组件，用于扩展 tailnet 访问本地子网或互联网流量。不同于 DERP（中继服务器，仅用于穿透 NAT 的 fallback），Tailscale 强调 WireGuard 内核级加密 + 策略路由，Subnet Routers 暴露物理子网路由（Layer 3 IP 转发），Exit Nodes 劫持默认路由（0.0.0.0/0），支持多跳拓扑和高性能内核模式。&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;部署基础flags-与系统预备&#34;&gt;部署基础：Flags 与系统预备&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;subnet-router-部署&#34;&gt;Subnet Router 部署&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;使用 &lt;code&gt;tailscale up --advertise-routes=&amp;lt;CIDR&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; 广告路由，例如：&lt;/p&gt;



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&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;前提&lt;/strong&gt;：Linux/macOS/Windows，支持内核模式（Linux root）或用户空间（non-root/非 Linux）。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;IP 转发启用&lt;/strong&gt;（Linux 内核模式，必备）：



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&lt;/g&gt;

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&lt;/div&gt;
未启用将导致路由黑洞。用户空间模式（&lt;code&gt;--tun=userspace-networking&lt;/code&gt;）无需此步，但仅支持 TCP/UDP 重建。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;exit-node-部署&#34;&gt;Exit Node 部署&lt;/h3&gt;



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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;劫持客户端默认路由（0.0.0.0/0, ::/0），所有非 tailnet 流量经此节点上网。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;客户端启用：&lt;code&gt;tailscale up --exit-node=&amp;lt;TS-IP|hostname&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; 或 &lt;code&gt;--exit-node=auto:any&lt;/code&gt;（自动选低延迟）。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;LAN 访问&lt;/strong&gt;：&lt;code&gt;--exit-node-allow-lan-access&lt;/code&gt; 允许客户端保留本地网络（默认禁用，避免泄露）。&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Admin 批准&lt;/strong&gt;：Machines 页 Edit route settings → 启用 &amp;ldquo;Use as exit node&amp;rdquo; / &amp;ldquo;Use as subnet router&amp;rdquo;。&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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